The Financial Crisis and Credit Crunch Analysis - 3503 Words

The financial crisis and credit crunch Analysis. The global financial crisis began in 2007 with the credit crunch as a result of loss of confidence in the value of the sub-prime mortgages by the US investors that caused a liquidity crisis. In an effort to curb the crisis, the US Federal Bank pumped in huge amounts of capital into the financial markets to gain back the investor confidence. In September 2008, the crisis deepened and the global stock markets came crushing. The investor confidence was lost due to the volatility in the market and the uncertainty in the future of their investments as more investors became risk averse, essentially, it is the mortgage market meltdown that triggered the global financial crisis. Many Americans embraced the use of credit cards for their daily transactions as a result of the stability in the financial markets and could spend money in excess of their incomes due the excellent performance in the stock markets as well as other investments. They majorly relied on their investments to bridge or finance the cash gap and the financial infrastructure was perfect. Millions of investors in the US had borrowed money against their homes and the effects of the financial downturn severely hit the housing market. The ever rising value of the houses in the early years and the perceived stability in the mortgage backed securities led the banks and other lenders to believe that the risks in the prime loans could be contained and that the trendShow MoreRelatedThe Loose Noose : Failure Of Regulators1333 Words   |  6 Pagesmoral hazard and this happens to be an expensive mistake and as Lehman file for bankruptcy, this passed a wave of panic in the already falling markets and tr ust – the key element of the market is lost leading into the 2007-08 financial crisis. Consequences of the 2007-08 crisis Immediate aftermath The very first after effect of the economic downturn is the plummeting of housing prices. As more and more borrowers defaulted, the mortgages were foreclosed pushing more and more houses into the market.Read MoreConcepts of Microeconomics in a UK-Based Organization: Barclays Case Analysis2578 Words   |  10 Pagesï » ¿Impact of Credit Crunch on UK Northern Rock: The credit crunch can be basically described as the increasing costs of borrowing money due to prevailing situations and rising interest rates. The increase in the interest rates resulted in the inability of many people to afford the repayments on mortgages that led them to default. The rising interest rates had huge effects on the subprime market in the United States in which money was lent to probable risky debtors. Credit crunch was not only exacerbatedRead MoreCredit Crunch Impact in Bank of England Essay examples3777 Words   |  16 Pagesone specific multinational enterprise with which you are familiar, examine the ways in which ‘credit crunch’ has impacted its operations. Evaluate the strategic responses it has made, and might make going forward, to respond to the impacts of the credit crunch on its operations. Introduction; This work will focus on the broader economic impact of the crisis in credit markets, which began over three years ago with the downturn in United States (US) sub-primeRead MoreThe Financial Crisis Of 2007-20081419 Words   |  6 Pagescause of the recent credit crunch. The financial crisis of 2007–2008, also known as the Global Financial Crisis and 2008 financial crisis, is considered by some economists such as Nouriel Roubini, professor of economics and international business at New York University, Kenneth Rogoff, professor of economics and public policy at Harvard University, and Nariman Behravesh, chief economist and executive vice president for IHS Global Insight, to have been the worst financial crisis since the Great DepressionRead MoreThe Price Rate Is The Best Predictor Of The Future Exchange Rate972 Words   |  4 Pagescurrent exchange rate reflects the future exchange rate. However, this model is questioned, past history of the exchange rate can’t predict the future of the exchange rate so we can say that the random walk model is inconsistent with the technical analysis because it tries to use today’s exchange rate to predict tomorrow’s exchange rate. a. The law of one price (LOP) is a concept which requires that any good should be sold anywhere for the same price, no matter what the currency is. b. Absolute PPPRead MoreSub-Prime Mortgage Crisis - What Caused It ? How Can Us Recover from It?2282 Words   |  10 PagesSub-Prime Mortgage Crisis - What Caused It ? How Can US Recover From It? The recent financial crisis in the U.S. that spread to other countries and caused massive turndown in the global economy had its roots in the recent waves of globalisation. Since the developed countries’ production had shifted dramatically towards services, specially to financial services, and this in turn led to financial liberalizations, developed countries experienced massive capital inflows, lending booms, housing andRead MoreThe Causes and Effects of Global Recession.3720 Words   |  15 Pagesglobal recession. Global financial crisis, increasing for a while, began to show its results in the mid of 2007 into 2008. Worldwide stock markets have subsided, financial institutions have dropped and governments in even the richest nations have had to develop packages to assist their financial organizations. Recession is defined as a slowdown of activities in the economy over a time. The major effect of recession is Inflation as well as currency crisis. A decrease in income may be anotherRead MoreThe World Experienced A Tremendous Financial Crisis Essay1131 Words   |  5 Pagestremendous financial crisis which rooted from the U.S housing market; moreover, it is considered by many economists as one of the worst recession since the Great Depression in 1930s. After posing a huge effect on the U.S economy, the financial crisis expanded to Europe and the rest of the world. It brought governments down, ruined economies, crumble financial corporations and impoverish individual lives. For example, the financial crisis has resulted in the collapse of massive financial institutionsRead MoreThe Current Recessions Impact On The Residential Mortgage Market1514 Words   |  7 Pages RESEARCH PROJECT PROPOSAL 2014/2015 ‘Analysis of the current recessions impact on the residential mortgage market in the United Kingdom’ ROSS TYLER WHITING N0313007 This Research Project Proposal is submitted in part-fulfillment of the degree of BSc (Hons) in Planning and Development Nottingham Trent University, 2015 CONTENTS PAGE 1.0 WORKING TITLE 2.0 INTRODUCTION 3.0 RESEARCHRead MoreFinancial Crisis Of 2007-2008 : How It Happened And Find Out The Reasons1827 Words   |  8 PagesIn my essay I am going to discuss what the credit crunch actually is; how it happened and find out the reasons of it. To begin with I would like to mention what the credit crunch actually is. The financial crisis of 2007–2008, also known as the Global FinÐ °ncial Crisis, is cÐ ¾nsidered by some economists such as Nouriel Roubini, professÐ ¾r of economics and international business at New York UnivÐ µrsity, Kenneth Rogoff, professÐ ¾r of econÐ ¾mics and public policy at HÐ °rvard University, and Nariman Behravesh

The Role of Mother for Slave Women in Harriet Jacobs´...

According to the dictionary, the word â€Å"Mother† is defined as a woman in relation to a child whom she has given birth to showing maternal tenderness or affection. The definition clearly defines a stage in womans life that should be a pleasant and happy experience, but thats not the case for everybody. The dehumanizing acts of slavery are eminent in many novels, such as Incidents in the Life of Slave Girl by Harriet Jacobs and Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe. In these novels, slave women were not suppose to enjoy the role of mother. It was either physically taken away or their mother instincts were brutally effected. Slave mothers had to face many consequences and sacrifices for their life and the life of their loved ones. When reading Stowe and Jacob’s novel, there is a constant theme which focuses on mothers. However, they were portrayed differently which is ironic because both novels are about slavery, during the same time period. The different v iews on slavery show many incidents where a mother showed an immense amount of strength and the other, a weaker side. How can we contrast the strengths and weaknesses of mothers in Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and Uncle Toms Cabin through Eliza and Linda? Linda is one who is perceived as a strong willed mother, but when unraveling her layers, she is not. Then theres Eliza, who finds strength in the footsteps of God making her a true heroine and mother in the end. William states that: Enslaved peopleShow MoreRelatedFeminine Mystique12173 Words   |  49 PagesFrom Rosie to Lucy Questions students must answer in a 500-word (minimum) essay: 1) Describe the post-WWII frustrations felt by women such as Betty Friedan. 2) During the era of â€Å"Rosie the Riveter†, what gains did women make in the workforce? How did these women feel about themselves and their contributions? What did society as a whole think? 3) What role did mass media play during the 1950s and 1960s in regard to supporting or undermining the â€Å"feminine mystique†? 4) Which television

Nursing Research Article Free Essays

Lung cancer has been named the second leading killer of American women second to heart disease.   It is estimated that 20% of deaths among women occur from lung cancer (medinet.com). We will write a custom essay sample on Nursing Research Article or any similar topic only for you Order Now    According to the American cancer society, lung cancer accounts for up to 28 % of mortality rates among men.   The risk factors associated to lung cancer are smoking of cigarettes, marijuana, exposure to talcum and radioactive gases and asbestos and so on. These compounds are said to trigger growth of malignant cells thus causing cancer (medinet.com). Melissa Conrad Stoppler, MD a board certified Anatomic pathologist based in US in her article lung cancer (medicine Net.com) points out that lung cancer is a life threatening cancer that spreads very fast to other parts of the body and is a very difficult cancer to treat.   She clears up the myth that lung cancer only occurs among smokers.   Non-smokers are also prone to developing lung cancer and of the 170,000 lung cancer deaths in America, 10% of them are non-smokers. Of these deaths among non-smokers, not all the cases can be traced to any identifiable risk factors but dominantly, passive smoking can be underpinned to be the major causal factor for lung cancer among non-smokers.   Melissa also tries to shed light or the group that is most prone to suffer from lung cancer.   She purports that smokers, Asbestos workers, the elderly, passive smokers, people exposed to workplace chemicals and residents of air pollution prone zones. According to the American cancer society, 70% of people suffering from cancer are elderly say over 65 years and only 3% under 45 years. Melissa points out that in the 1930, lung cancer was a rare disease however, with the rise of tobacco smoking and pollution, the disease cases have increased unprecedented.   The number of deaths among tobacco smokers is highest among cigarette smoker as opposed to cigar and pipe smokers. The risk getting lung cancer further compounds with each increase of cigarette smoked.   Defined in medical terms as pack-years (the number to packs of cigarette smoked per day in a year), Melissa suggest that the higher the number of pack years, the higher the risk of developing lung cancer.   To be precise she elaborates that out of seven people who smoke 2 to 3 packs of cigarettes in a day, one will die of lung cancer.   (medicineNet.com). This is because cigarette contains carcinogenic compounds that trigger abnormal cell growth in the lungs and thus cancer.   It then seems that lung cancer is a disease for smokers, or at least that is according to common misconceptions.   Melissa in her article submits that research findings indicates people who share living space or work stations have a 24% higher chance of developing cancer as   evidence by 3000 lung cancer deaths pinned to passive smoking. Further, she brings to mind that other risk factors associated with lung cancer are rare but combined with smoking, (passive or active) the risk of developing cancer is further compounded.   Evidence shows that Asbestos workers who smoke had a 50 to 90 times possibility of developing lung cancer in preference to the five times possibility accrued to non-smokers. The case is the same for workers exposed to radon gas and radioactive compounds. Although there is insufficient evidence to support claims that genetic predisposition increase individuals vulnerability to developing lung cancer, the possibility cannot be totally ignored. Residents of air-polluted zones have contributed 1% of all lung cancer cases and clearly, cigarette smoking or passive smoking complicates the problem.   The US government has paid noteworthy attention to the increase of lung cancer deaths among Americans. According to the National cancer institute, 213,389 new cases of lung cancer cases have so far been reported and out of those cases, 160,390 deaths have occurred in 2007 alone.   The magnitude of cancer problem is profound leading the government to respond investing a handsome chunk of money to cancer research each year. The author of the article is a well-educated pathologist and she uses a lot of medical jargon in her article.   However, she makes efforts of clearly explaining important terms so that her audience can understand.   Her piece is well researched and developed giving it a smooth flow. She starts from the basics and develops the topics to complex aspects. For instance, definition of lung cancer, commonality of the disease, causes, types of cancer, signs and symptoms, how it is diagnosed, treatment options, prognosis and prevention. However, for a nonprofessional some of the content may be confusing or too technical to understand.   Although she does try to explain in simple language, it is possible to get lost in the maze of medical terminology and information overload.   The argument does seem logical, supported by statistics from reliable sources.   She also builds her article from previous medical researches and from her own professional experience. The author’s argument regarding smoking and its role in increasing risk of developing cancer among cancer prone population is well supported.   She mentions the various causal factors of lung cancer and relates them to smoking.   For instance, the fact that 12% of lung cancer deaths are attributable to radon gas exposure and concomitant smoking bringing the number to up to 15,000deaths per year. I believe this article is most appropriate to Melissa’s target audience because it rolls out facts supported by statistics which I think makes the article believable and reliable.   It is unlikely that an individual, who smokes or is exposed to the risk factors mentioned in the article, would take the recommendations lightly.   Moreover, after reading her article, misconceptions about passive smoking are cleared.   The word that evoked a strong response in me is prognosis of lung cancer. Prognosis of lung cancer refers to the chance of recovery from lung cancer.   Melissa sheds light on the possibility of recovery among lung cancer patients.   She submits that recovery is dependant on the localization and size of tumor type of cancer and overall health status of the patient.   This gets me thinking because; I always thought cancer was the same. She fills in the readers on the two types of lung cancers, which are the i.e. small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). SCLC is the most aggressive and survival time ranges from about 4 to 6 months after diagnosis, if untreated.   However, the SCLC is the most responsive to radiation and chemotherapy.   At this point, I feel enlightened.   Further, she points out treatments like surgical removal of tumors and local chemotherapy as the most effective treatment. Although there is, only 5%-10% chances of survival if lung cancer is untreated, good treatment can prolong cancer patient with SCLC types of lung cancer, to up to 5 times more than the untreated cases. Overall I think the article is well researched and accurate and gives a clear take home message i.e. prevention is better than cure since prognosis of lung cancer is poor compared to other cancers.   Thus, smokers and passive smokers are best advised to avoid cigarette in order to minimize susceptibility to lung cancer. References Conrad M. S ed. Marks, J.W. Lung Cancer. Available at http://www.medicinenet.com/lung_cancer/page7.htm Accessed on September 18, 2007 . How to cite Nursing Research Article, Essays

PESTLE Analysis for Cadbury A Key Player in Chocolate Industry

Question: Explain PESTLE Analysis for Cadbury. Answer: PESTLE Analysis for Cadbury One of the most useful tool for understanding the growth and decline of market is the PEST Analysis. It is basically a measurement tool for business. PEST is a short form for Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors. This factor in turn helps to assess the market for a trade or a managerial unit. It is very easy to complete a PEST Analysis. The PEST Analysis is mainly used for tactical planning, promotion planning as well as industry and the development of manufactured goods. The PEST Analysis is quite similar to that of the SWOT analysis (Srdjevic et al. 2012). (Source: Academy, 2016) Cadbury is identical with the consumption of chocolate on a universal basis. The first Cadbury shop was opened in the early 19th century. Since that point of time, Cadbury had emerged as one of the global brand. Most of its factories are located in the United Kingdom as well as Asia and North America. In the year 2008, the brand of Schweppes was put up for sale to the Dr Pepper Group, and in the year 2010, Cadbury was obtained by Kraft foods located in the US. The following is the PEST Analysis for Cadbury (Mahara 2013). Does The Intricacy of The Topic Intimidate You? Tame Your Fear with Unmatched Assignment Help Services from Professional Writers. Political the procedure of Cadbury in the UK was determined by the change in the government from Labor Party to the Traditional Democrat. As per the last report, more than 3000 employees were hired by the eight Cadbury industrial units in the UK. However, the rigorous limitations on the entry of accomplished workers from rest of Europe can have an effect on employing decisions of Cadbury in the future. Another political factor that determines the investment and imbursement to shareholders are by the imposition of tax. In the year 2010, the value added tax rose by 2.5 percent. This in turn increased the price of chocolate and reduced their sales. In the year 2007, the Cadbury Schweppesmade a decision to subcontract foremost portion of its accounting and Human Resources to an Indian firm as it was facing a progressively more operational fixed cost (Babatunde and Adebisi 2012). Economic the sales of Cadbury was quite stable in spite of facing a worldwide monetary downturn. Cadbury was also able to add an increase of 30 percent in its yearly income from Dairy Milk and Trident. In the year 2009, recession was at its peak the corporation was able to hit the lower end of its 4-6 percent income (Modi 2013). Social Cadbury was generally born due to the social factors. Being operated by a Quaker family, their resistance to alcohol provided as the base of organization of a trade that sold tea, coffee, cocoa, and liquid chocolate. The products of Cadbury which included chocolate and other goods were accepted wholly all over the world. However, Cadbury got trapped in a recent controversy which stated that the products of Cadbury are halal certified and are catering to the needs of the Muslims. As a result, this anxiety resulted in the rising case of corpulence especially among the children. It was thus recommended by many nutritionists to reduce the consumption of chocolate and toffee. This in turn affected the sale of Cadbury. Technology the production and the procedures of packing of Cadbury changed due to the innovation of technology. This has started with the introduction of new brew machinery which is used to merge coffees and cocoa grains. (Source: Markedbyteachers.com, 2016) Legal the legal framework is defined at the local, regional, national level. The legal standards are included that affects the lawful principles that affect the companys operating in the region incorporating legal rules of business governance, taxation and legal responsibility of producers. Environmental the environmental concerns related to Cadbury are the dairy processing that includes consumption of energy as well as usage of water and waste as well as the packaging manufacture. The environmental impact of the Cadbury industry includes a variety of schemes and programs that helps in improving the environmental performances of the life cycle of Cadbury. As far as the environmental factors are concerned, in case of the Cadbury industry the main focus is given on the emission of the greenhouse gases as well power and water usage. Leadership Qualities The following are the qualities that can make a leader effective: Self assessment the leaders who are effectual take stock of their personal strengths and inadequacies. If an individual is aware about their weaknesses it will not make them weak. However, it allows entrusting to others who possess those aptitudes in order to attain the common goals. Rather than adhering to the fake faith that they can do it all, effective leaders employ inhabitants who balance, rather than supplement, their abilities. Working on the area of weaknesses in turn helps to progress the leadership qualities. Sharp awareness effective leaders has the ability to perceive people. The effective leaders share an easy level of truthful communication with their team associates as well as their peers. They also look into the methodical understanding of how the communication is perceived. In order to become an effective leader it is very important get a feedback that will include the fact that an environment of honesty and open communication should be established. In the open communication, an effective leader can ask about their good qualities and the areas on which they need to progress (Siegel 2015). Responsiveness to the need of the group a leader can become effective if they are perspective in the sense they know the requirements of the team. A number of teams worth faith over creativity; others favor a clear conversationalist to a great manager. It is relatively to build a strong team if the values and the goal of an individual are known. Commitment an effective leader needs to set an example for the team if they want the team to perform productively as well as produce quality. An effective team leader earns the respect from its team if they are able to prove their commitment to the brand (Gibson and Weber 2015). Power and Authority Authority is the demonstration of power which subsists where one person has official right to control and another has the official compulsion to obey. This is normally understood a having the authority in order to direct as well as requires observance. Authority is normally seen as the institutionalized authority. Authority is generally earned by virtue of the leadership potentials of an individual as well as knowledge. An expert is generally referred to as the authority on a subject and others adjourn to his estimation (Martin 2015). (Source: Slideshare.net, 2016) Power and authority are potentially obligatory. Power is defined as the capability to act in ways which authorize the behaviors of others. It is an individual aptitude that can be developed. Power is that ability which gets others to do things. It is a quantify of personal efficiency. Power is generally earned and given by those who chase (Lake 2013). Dysfunctional leaders may possess authority but they will not posses power. As a result, they mostly mistreat the authority thereby diminishing any probable individual power. The leaders who possess both power and authority are the effective leaders and they will only use the authority as a last option in order to attain goals (Lunenburg 2012). Types of Authority Legitimate this type of authority is also known as the position power or bureaucrat authority that moves towards the leader when the association authority is established. It comes from the rules of the association. It gives the leader the authority to control the resources and to reward others. This authority is widely accepted s it is believed that discipline in the society is necessary. Charismatic it is also known as the authority of personality that comes from each leader separately. This is the authority of attraction or dedication, the wish of one person to have a high regard for another. The leaders possess an individual charisma, an air of self-assurance and a conviction in objectives that draws and holds followers. This in turn helps to understand and value the leader (Lamprou et al. 2013). Expert they are known as the authority of acquaintance that comes from dedicated learning. This in turn helps to get job done. Reward it rises from the ability of rewarding worthy behavior. The leader has the authority to give tangible rewards such s promotion and other similar rewards. Coercive this authority deals with the authority to give punishment such as dismissal, relegation and low rating. Mental punishments comprises of disapproval, avoidance, displeasure, satirical comments to the subordinate (Peters 2015). Authority and Responsibility The facts related to authority and responsibilities are as follows: Authority without responsibility is a dictator - Authority without responsibility is a tyrant. If a leader gives authority without any responsibility in that case the leader is bumper from the rest of the staff which in turn gives the emotion of the penalties due to the actions taken. Responsibility without authority is a tragedy the leaders will start feeling aggravated if they do not have the authority to execute the plan. The leaders will in turn find themselves in the boundless cycle of desirable approvals (Duff 2013). The leaders take responsibility in spite of giving authority the leaders will take the responsibility in order to execute the actions of his or her team. The leaders who are given accountability with authority will authorize with brilliance this helps the leader to achieve the task while on condition that a clear vision of achievement is achieved (Oren 2013). Leadership Models In order to provide insights of leadership, three models of leadership are developed. The models are as follows: Star group leadership models it advocates a strength based advance to leadership. The leaders balance and bring into line the strengths of the individuals with the help of teamwork as well as the focus on results. It also helps to provide clarity on what are the factors leaders are required to focus on (Zhu et al. 2015). Leadership model related to style and focus this mainly brings the together the STAR constituents with the method of leadership. 5 S Uncommon Leadership model the five uncommon leadership includes seeing, shaping, showing, sharing and serving. Seeing involves having vision, shaping involves the creation of the culture and system. Showing is the able to reveal the kind of association by action. Serving mainly focus on the serving of the colleagues and the consumers. Lastly, sharing is the development and encouragement given to others. References Academy, P. (2016). Marketing Theories - PESTEL Analysis. [online] Professionalacademy.com. Available at: https://www.professionalacademy.com/blogs-and-advice/marketing-theories---pestel-analysis [Accessed 18 May 2016]. Babatunde, B.O. and Adebisi, A.O., 2012. Strategic environmental scanning and organization performance in a competitive business environment.Economic Insights-Trends Challenges,64(1), pp.24-34. Duff, R.A., 2013. Authority and responsibility in international criminal law. Gibson, M. and Weber, R.J., 2015. Applying Leadership Qualities of Great People to Your Department: Sir Winston Churchill.Hospital pharmacy,50(1), p.78. Lake, D.A., 2013. Global Governance, Authority, and Leadership Lamprou, E., Leitch, C. and Harrison, R., 2013. Special Issue: Leadership and authority in a crises-constructing world.Leadership,9(1), pp.145-147. Lunenburg, F.C., 2012. Power and leadership: an influence process.International journal of management, business, and administration,15(1), pp.1-9.. Mahara, T., 2013. PEST-Benefit/Threat Analysis for selection of ERP in Cloud for SMEs.Asian Journal of Management Research,3(2), pp.365-373. Markedbyteachers.com. (2016). Cadbury PEST - GCSE Business Studies - Marked by Teachers.com. [online] Available at: https://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/business-studies/cadbury-pest.html [Accessed 18 May 2016]. Martin, J., 2015. Leadership: The Power of Authority. InPhilosophy of Leadership(pp. 203-222). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Modi, S., 2013. Study on Food and Dairy Industry. Oren, S.S., 2013. 5 AUTHORITY AND RESPONSIBILITY.Designing Competitive Electricity Markets,13, p.79. Peters, R.S., 2015.Authority, responsibility and education. Routledge. Siegel, D., 2015.Leaders in the Shadows: The Leadership Qualities of Municipal Chief Administrative Officers. University of Toronto Press. Slideshare.net. (2016). Strategic leadership. [online] Available at: https://www.slideshare.net/ismetsabit/strategic-leadership-30272038 [Accessed 18 May 2016]. Srdjevic, Z., Bajcetic, R. and Srdjevic, B., 2012. Identifying the criteria set for multicriteria decision making based on SWOT/PESTLE analysis: a case study of reconstructing a water intake structure.Water resources management,26(12), pp.3379-3393. Zhu, W., Zheng, X., Riggio, R.E. and Zhang, X., 2015. 7 measurements of ethics-related leadership models, including ethical leadership, transformational leadership, authentic leadership, servant leadership, spiritual leadership, and a virtues-based approach to leadership ethics. The similarities and differences among these theoretical models and measures to ethics-related.Developing Ethical Leaders: New Directions for Student Leadership, Number 146, p.81.

Short Stories by Selected Women Writers Essay Essay Example

Short Stories by Selected Women Writers Essay Paper An Undergraduate ThesisPresented to the Faculty of theCollege of Humanistic disciplines and SciencesUniversity of Southeastern PhilippinesBo. Obrero. Davao City In Partial Fulfilment of the Requirments for the DegreeOf Bachelor of Arts in Literature Cheah Kaye RosalesCharisma J. Tabingo We will write a custom essay sample on Short Stories by Selected Women Writers Essay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Short Stories by Selected Women Writers Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Short Stories by Selected Women Writers Essay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer October 2013 AbstractionROSALES. CHEAH KAYE and TABINGO. CHARISMA J. . University of Southeastern Philippines. Davao City. â€Å"Short Narratives by Selected Women Writers† Adviser: Prof. Dayenne SipacoThis survey was conducted to find the usual Form of the five short narratives. It is besides analyzed the events and character’s state of affairs in the narrative. The Formalistic Approach was used in the survey. The survey found that the Hagiographas of the five writers Kerima Polotan Tuvera. Aida Rivera Ford and Irish Shiela Crisostomo show their great cognition of the Philippine history. This survey was conducted through the usage of Formalistic Approach. The research workers gathered all five short narratives by selected adult females authors and read the narrative. analyzed and studied. The research workers use the formalized attack to analyse the signifier of the survey. We choose form for easy to do the construction of this survey. Furtheremore. this survey analyze the elements used in Kerima Polotan-Tuvera’s The Virgin and A House Full of Daughters. Aida Rivera-Ford’s Love in the Cornhusk and The chieftest Mourner and Iris Shi ela G. Crosostomo’s The Steel Brassiere. The chapter 1 included the job and its scene. It is besides include the statement of the job. the significance of the survey. range and restriction of the survey and definition of thr elements used. The chapter 2 discusses the reappraisal of related literature and surveies. the secret plan sum-up and the author’s lifes and the attack used in the survey. Theoretical and conceptual model was besides included. In the chapter 3. the research design. research instrument. research procedure and research venue are besides included in this chapter. Presentation. analysis and reading which employed formalized attack were in chapter 4. The drumhead. decision and recommendation were besides shown in chapter 5. The tabular arraies of the five short narratives are in the appendices including the elements used in this survey. APPROVAL SHEET In partial fulfilment of the demands for the grade. Bachelor of Humanistic disciplines in literature. thesis entitled â€Å"Short Narratives by Selected Women Writers† prepared and submitted by Cheah Kaye Rosales and Charisma J. Tabingo. is herewith recommended for blessing and credence. Prof. Dayenne Sipaco Adviser Approved by the Committee on Oral Defense with a class of _______ . DR. MA. RITA C. TUBAN DR. PATRICIA O. ELBANBUENA Panelist Panelist Accepted as partial fulfilment of the demands for the grade. Bachelor of Humanistic disciplines in Literature. DR. MILAGROS D. ARQUILLANO DR. EVEYTH P. DELIGERO Director. Evening Program Dean. College of Arts and Sciences Recognition The research workers would wish to thank the undermentioned persons who helped a batch in doing this research and survey: Prof. Dayenne Sipaco. ourv advisor. thank you for assisting us to do and complete this survey. thank you for your apprehension. forbearance and unfavorable judgment. To our panel members. Dr. Ma. Rita C. Tuban and Dr. Patricia O. Elbanbuena. thank you for your forbearance. understanding and giving us a good thought in this survey. To our parents. thank you for the support in fiscal and moral support. Thank you for the encouragement and supplications. And most particularly to our all-powerful God. thank you for giving us a strenght. counsel. cognition and good wellness to complete this survey. C. K. R and C. J. T Table OF CONTENTS PageDeclaration of Originality †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . . one Title Page †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ two Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ three Approval Sheet†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . V Acknowledgement †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . six Table of Contents †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . seven List of Tables †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . ten List of Figures †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . eleven Chapter1. THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1 Statement of the Problem †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . . Significance of the Study †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . . Scope and Limitation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . . Definition of Footings †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . . 2. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES Related Literature †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Plot Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Related Studies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Testimonies on The Virgin †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Testimonies on A House Full of Daughters †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . Testimonies on Love in the Cornhusk †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Testimonies on The Chieftest Mourner †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Testimonies on The Steel Brassiere †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Formalistic Approach †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Conceptual Framework †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3. Method Research Design †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Research Instrument †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Research Locale †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Research Procedure †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 4. PRESENTATION. ANALYSIS AND Interpretation OF DATA †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . Form and Content †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . Elementss †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . Similarities and Differences of the Short Stories †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . . Analysis Data †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . 5. SUMMARY. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . Recommendation †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . APPENDICES Appendix A TableThe Virgin †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . A House Full of Daughters †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . . Love in the Cornhusk †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . The Chieftest Mourner †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . The Steel Brassiere †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . . The Five Short Narratives The Virgin by Kerima Polotan-Tuvera†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . A House Full of Daughters by Kerime Polotan-Tuvera†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Love in the Cornhusk by Aida Rivera-Ford†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ . . The Chieftest Mourner by Aida Rivera Ford†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ The Steel Brassiere by Iris Shiela G. Crisostomo†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ BIBLIOGRAPHY CURRICULUM VITAE List OF FIGURESFigure1. 1 Conceptual Framework †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 1. 2 Plot Structure †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Chapter 1THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTINGLiterature is the art of written work and can. in some fortunes. refer entirely to print beginnings. The word literature literally means â€Å"things made from letters† and the pars pro toto term â€Å"letters† is sometimes used to mean â€Å"literature. † as in the figures of address â€Å"arts and letters† and â€Å"man of letters† . A short narrative is a brief work literature. normally written in narrative prose. In so making. short narratives make usage of secret plan. resonance and other dynamic constituents to a far greater grade than is typical of an anecdote. yet to a far lesser grade than a novel. While the short narrative is mostly distinguishable from the novel. writers of both by and large draw from a common pool of literary techniques. In Philippines. the most noteworthy literature was written during the Spanish period and the first half of the twentieth century in Spanish linguistic communication. I t includes the fables of prehistoric culture. and the colonial bequest of the Philippines. The history of Filipino adult females authors is an history of how they became literary â€Å"mistresses of the ink† and â€Å"lady pen-pushers† who created plants of fiction or factual and historical storybooks. poesy. novels. short narratives. essays. lifes. autobiographies and other known composing genres. Writing in English. Spanish. Filipino and other linguistic communications. female authors from the archipelago utilised literature. in contrast with the unwritten tradition of the past. as the life voices of their personal experiences. ideas. consciousness. constructs of themselves. society. political relations. Philippines and universe history. The job that the research workers have noticed that some of us have hapless in composing accomplishments particularly the college pupils presents. The advocates believe that proper usage of elements. which are the chief ingredients in composing art of the pupils. There are many topics that focus on the proper manner of authorship. Some pupils do non develop their authorship accomplishments. These job consequence to a bigger issue which is the lesser Filipino authored books being published and read in the state today. The demand to turn to the issue is the ground for carry oning this research which aims to assist future Filipino authors how to utilize decently the elements in composing. With the usage of Formalistic Approach the research workers study the novels and how the writers used the elements in accomplishing the signifier of their narratives to leave these to the hereafter Filipino authors. The Virgin by Kerima Polotan-Tuvera is a narrative about Miss Mijares. the stereotyped uptight. conventional. old fashioned and rigorous old maid. For a long clip. she’s been populating in a everyday life. When she met the cat. she’s attracted to him because he doesn’t â€Å"fear† her. She loses herself when she’s with him. but non wholly. The symbolism of her acquiring lost literally is the manner she feels with the cat. She is sloging on to a entirely different and new experience. She finds herself caring for the adult male – a low-level – but she didn’t attention. When she found out that he has a boy. she felt betrayed – her feelings betrayed. This is what she is acquiring into – non all of the things are in her control. In the terminal. she let’s travel of all her suppressions. A House Full of Daughters besides by Kerima Polotan-Tuvera is a narrative about a female parent who has seven girls. and realize s that it’s non about something to give wealthiest to her kids. but what matters most how good maternity she gives in order to do them good girls. Love in the Cornhusk by Aida Rivera-Ford is another sort of love narrative. But the stoping is non like the other love narrative that they live merrily of all time after in the terminal. In this narrative. they’re love did non last till the terminal. The miss marries person alternatively of the cat that she loves. The narrative shows that â€Å"true love waits† . The Chieftest Mourner besides by Aida Rivera-Ford is a narrative of â€Å"another woman† . Even if the Legal married woman did suffer with her hubby while they are together. it’s non her. who helped the narrator’s Uncle when he was in his lowest minute of his life. And it was the other adult female who did a great forfeit for the uncle and she mourned greatly upon his decease. But it is non advisable that immature adult females or adult female should be â€Å"The other woman† because every bit far as society is concerned. it is a wickedness. The research workers decided to carry on this survey because The Virgin and House Full of Daughters by KerimaPolotan-Tuvera. Love in the Cornhusks and The Chieftest Mourner by Aida Rivera-Ford and The Steel Brassiere by Iris Sheila G. Crisostomo are all written by Philippine adult females authors. Since formalized attack. frequently referred to as the New Criticism. it assumes that a work of literary art is an organic integrity in which every component contributes to the entire significance of a work. The advocates of this survey chose five short narratives that would stand for the attending of the readers to look for different structural relationships and patterns non merely in words and their relationships but besides in larger units such as the short narratives of the different adult females authors in structuring the secret plan. the puting including its existent topographic point and clip and its atmosphere. point of position. subject and linguistic communication that may lend t o the singularity of each work. Statement of the ProblemThis survey was intended at look intoing. understanding and measuring the similarities and differences in the relationship of assorted formal elements of a text to do up a whole in the short narratives by the adult females authors through formalized attack. Furthermore. the survey seeks to reply the undermentioned inquiries: 1. What is the signifier of the selected short narratives? a. PutingB. Word picturec. Plot Structured. Point of positione. Theme2. What are the short narratives similarities and differences in footings of signifier? Significance of the StudyThe survey is intended to profit the followers: Students. The survey may help chiefly the literature big leagues as they expand their consciousness of the application of formalized attack that will farther heighten their positive response to the universe of literature. College of Arts and Sciences. This survey may heighten the instruction attack in literature. The survey may continue auxiliary acquisition in reading short narratives. This survey undergoes legion procedures to come up with a factual and dependable consequence. Therefore. acquisition in this instance can be more interesting and it will assist them to delve deeper their apprehension of the work. Literature Curriculum. The survey may assist to understand to the full how a work of an art is analyzed utilizing a specific attack. peculiarly formalism. These may assist better the current stragedy used in literary unfavorable judgment. Through this. there will be betterment in critical analysis and doing a short narrative. Bing good in literary unfavorable judgment will assist to hold better analysis in analyzing literary plants. Scope and Limitation of the Study The survey explored the different structural forms. every bit good as understanding the signifiers which the five short narratives are portrayed through an analysis of characters. secret plan. scene. point of position. manner and tone. This survey was limited to the short stories The Virgin and House Full of Daughters by KerimaPolotan-Tuvera. Love in the Cornhusk and The Chieftest Mourner by Aida Rivera-Ford and The Steel Brassiere by Iris Sheila G. Crisostomo. Definition of Footings The followers are operationally defined harmonizing to how they are used in this survey. Short Story. A short narrative is a brief work of literature. normally written in narrative prose. Chieftest Mourner. Who suffered most. the kept woman or 2nd married woman ; because the 2nd married woman wants to turn out to the poet’s household that she has a great right to the dead organic structure of the poet instead than the legal married woman. Point of View. Author’s determination about who is to state the narrative and how it is to be told. Plot. The agreement of events that make up a narrative. For a secret plan to be effectual. it must include a sequence of incidents that bear a important causal relationship to each other. Puting. The clip and topographic point of the action in a narrative. verse form. or drama. Theme. A story’s subject is its thought or point. Chapter 2REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIESThis chapter contains related literature and surveies. secret plan sum-up of the five short narratives. reappraisal of related surveies. formalized attack and the lifes of the three Filipino adult females authors. The reappraisal of related literature contains the information about the narrative. the individual behind their state of affairs and the reappraisals about them. These surveies discuss about the characters and their personalities. Formalistic Approach The 20th century formalized attack. frequently referred to as the new unfavorable judgment assumes that a work of literary art is an organic integrity in which every component contributes to the entire significance of the work. This attack is every bit old as literary unfavorable judgment itself. but it was developed in the 20th century by John Crowe Ransom ( 1884-1974 ) . Allen Tate ( 1899-1979 ) . T. S Elliot ( 1888-1965 ) and others. The formalist critic embraces an nonsubjective theory of art and examines secret plan. word picture. duologue and manner to demo how elements contribute to the subject or integrity of the literary work. Moral. historical. psychological and sociological concerns are considered extrinsic to unfavorable judgment and of secondary importance to the scrutiny of workmanship and signifier. Content and signifier in a work constitute a integrity. and it is the undertaking of the critic to analyze and measure the unity of the work. Paradox. sarcasm. dynamic tens eness and integrity are the primary values of formalist unfavorable judgment. The term formalism describes an accent on signifier over content or significance in the humanistic disciplines. literature. or doctrine. Formalism has the advantage of coercing authors to measure a work on its ain footings instead than to trust â€Å"accepted† impressions of the writer’s work. Formalism is intrinsic literary unfavorable judgment because it does non necessitate of any organic structure of cognition besides literature. Formalistic Approach first measure in explicating the literary work is to detect what the words really mean in their full denotative and connotative value. The object of formalized unfavorable judgment is to happen the key to the construction and significance of the literary work. Related Literature This portion includes the sum-up of the five short narratives to give the readers a brief image of the narrative. Author’s lifes of The Virgin. A House Full of Daughters. Love in the Cornhusk. The Chieftest Mourner and The Steel Brassiere are besides included so as to give the readers an information about their lives and inspirations. The Formalist Approach which is used by the advocates is besides discussed to allow the readers understand how the research is being conducted. Finally the reappraisals about the narratives are besides found in this chapter to give the readers a glance and thought on the feedbacks of the people who have read it. Plot Summary The Virgin is a narrative is about a adult female named Miss Mijares. she doesn’t expression like 34. She was little. about bony but she had learned how to dress herself to accomplish those forms of her hips and bosom. She had pushed against the bed in heartache and besides in gratitude and thought that neither love nor glorification stood behind her. merely the empty shadows. Alone the room with her unburied dead. she had held up her custodies to the visible radiation. observing the midst lasting fingers. believing in a mixture of shame and resentment and guilt that she had neer touched a adult male. She met a jobseeker adult male. using to her in their woodcraft subdivision. They had talked along with the interview. and the adult male told her that he wasn’t married. She was frequently down at the hovel that housed their bureau’s woodcraft. speaking with Ato. his chief. traveling over to him with the list of old custodies due to let go of. They hired their work forces on a rotary motion footing and three months was the longest 1 could remain. The new manus was absent for a hebdomad. Miss Mijares waited on that Tuesday he foremost failed to describe for some grounds. Until. Miss Mijares got angry when she knew that the adult male lied to him that he wasn’t married. It rained that afternoon in one of the city’s fierce. unexpected boom storms. Without warning. it seemed to reflect outside Miss Mijares’ window a grey. unhappy expression. And the adult male calls her and apologized to her approximately why he lied. Up and down the empty. rain –beaten street she looked. It was as though that all at one time everyone else had died and they were in the universe. entirely. In her secret bosom. Miss Mijares’ immature dreams fluttered faintly to life. looking monstrous in the rain. near this adult male. looking monstrous but sweet overwhelming. She wanted to travel off from him but he had moved and brushed against her and where his touch had fallen. her flesh leaped. and she recalled how his custodies had looked that first twenty-four hours. lain tenderly on the border of her desk and about the wooden bird. in the dark she turned to him. A House Full of Daughters is a narrative about a female parent who has seven girls. She thought. Oklahoman possibly she could hold seven doweries or seven beauty parlours. She has a house full of seven immature adult females. a regular avalanche of feminineness. For her. there is some guilt in one’s maternity. retrieving with what heartbreak each girl had come because one had wanted boies alternatively. Her friends told her how lucky and blessed she was. She frequently burst into cryings and they thought she cried from joy. But she’s non one of those female parents maintaining a mark of what precisely the babe has to give. like nice apparels. jewellery. merriment and good time s. She has a friend. that she can state a complete female parent. beautiful in her gestation. beautiful in her maternity. Her friend has a manner of have oning pregnancy dresses that looks her elegant. She neer ate Sweets. maintaining purely to juices and vegetables. in short. she is a right female parent. But all of a sudden. her friend ran out of nowhere with another adult male and left those beautifully-tended babes. There is no moral here. but she suspected she would hold stayed if she did allowed her herself. with salvaging wit. the luxury of some errors. Her girls are reassigning their devotion from film actresses and dad vocalists to their school teachers and real-life friends. but they are mildy hostile to those who strain their speech patterns. She has caught one girl. 15. stock-still on the cemented walk. arrested on her manner place late afternoon by sounds she no longer hear. When they met for supper that dark. she seemed different. she couldn’t say a thing. so close and sad and her bosom constricted because she knew that her girl had a long manner to travel. If all that she has given a girl is a mere rightness. non rightness. mere signifier. non substance. If she distill maternity of about 20 old ages. that merely about amounts up all she taught them. Merely because she doesn’t want them accomplished such a thing but desiring it to be an experience for them. It is a miracl e to her life that her girls learned love from her. who wasn’t ever able to give it. she who wanted merely the beginning to last their figure. They lived in a big musty house canopied by antediluvian trees and they fight daily over the bathroom. seven immature adult females and this she sow. but in cheery confusion. they keep their good relationship. Love in the Cornhusk. Is a narrative about Tinang. she visits her former maestro. Senora. whom she was working for before she got married. While transporting her babe male child. she walks through the entryway of the house of her former Senora and run into his former immature maestro. Tito. and the Senora. Upon acquiring inside the house. Senora asks her some inquiries how her married life is together with his Bagobo hubby and besides how is it to be a female parent of a babe male child. Their conversation continues and they reach to the point of speaking about the tractor drivers of Senora. particularly the 1 who was good. Amado. After that. Tinang eventually tells her former Senora about her purpose of being at that place. The baptism of her babe is about to come and she wants Senora to be a Madrina or a Ninang to her kid. The relationship between Tinang and her former Senora with her household remains good. And so. Senora hurriedly agreed to be so and yet wants to supply baptismal apparels for the babe and the fee for the Priest. Before she left from Senora’s house. she was told by her that there is a missive for her in the apothecarys shop. which besides serves as the station office of the barrio. By that minute. she thought that person might be dead or possibly that missive comes from her sister. So she hastily takes her manner place and base on ballss by that apothecarys shop to acquire the missive. As she continues walking in a boggy route to her manner place. she tries to look for a topographic point where she could put down her babe. trusting that she could read the missive before she arrives place. Finally. she finds a good topographic point where she can halt for a piece. There is a Kamansi tree and under of it are scattered cornhusks. So. she prepares a pile of it utilizing her pes and laid her babe upon it. Then. she starts reading the missive. After making so. she finds out that the missive is a love missive. her first love missive. which comes from Amado. her fellow. stating that he does non desire to interrupt up with her when he left from the field of Senora without stating the ground why he did so. Time can non be back any longer. It is already excessively late that she discovers that Amado still loves her. However. she was non informed that his mother’s worst unwellness made him gone for some clip. Alternatively. Tinang marry a Bagobo adult male. whom owns 2 hectares of land. After all. what she does is merely to retrieve her yesteryear with Amado until the clip comes when she has to go forth upon detecting that a serpent is mousing towards her babe male child. In the terminal. she leaves the topographic point without detecting that her first love missive fell down among the cornhusks. The Chieftest Mourner. Is a narrative about narrator’s uncle. hubby of her Aunt Sophia is said to be dead. He was the last of a distinguishable school of Philippine poets and a fine-looking adult male. But. he was populating with another adult female. she brazenly followed his Uncle everyplace naming herself his married woman. a confusing state of affairs ensued. When people mentioned Uncle’s married woman. there was no manner of cognizing whether her Aunt Sophia or to the adult fema le. The storyteller was perplexing over who was to be the official widow at his funeral when word came that it was her. the storyteller to maintain Aunt Sophia’s company at the small chapel and there were merely a few people present. There were two adult females. each taking ownership of her part of the chapel merely as though bets had been laid. apparently forgetful of each other. yet uncovering by this studied neglect that each was really much aware of the other. Her Uncle’s kin surely made a short work of her Aunt and when she returned. her Aunt is sobbing. Equally though as to soothe her. one of the adult females said. in a susurration from the door. that the president himself was expected to come in the afternoon. Meanwhile. the adult female spoke in susurrations. and so the voices raised a trifle. Still. everybody is polite. There was no more speaking back and Forth and the all of a sudden the conversation wasn’t polite any longer. The adult female strikes. and angry talked to the kin. After her work stoppage to the kin. Aunt Sophia wants to halt her by delighting her kin. After all. the full woman’s face became ashen with daze and fury. She stood wordless. her face began to jerk and so the shortness of breath came and she tell them they can hold the dead organic structure and she left the entombment after. The Steel Brassiere is a about a married woman and her Tiya Anding’s steel bandeau. Her Tiya Anding was a friend who had no life relations. When she died. her house and the 300-square-meter batch reverted to the authorities. With the at hand destruction. she had hurriedly driven to that low residence trusting to salvage a few memories of a past life. One of the queerest things she recovered from the heap of old apparels was an old bandeau. It wasn’t tantrum for any immature lady’s chests because it was made non of soft cotton or lacing but of cold and difficult metal. The bandeau looked like pointed armour ready to debar an ax or a spear from the enemy–a certain protection for the delicate female flesh underneath. She remembered Madonna in her lean get-ups. net stockings and all. her breasts in similar. pointed cones. After while. the cold of the metal against her tegument produced a unusual feeling. The bandeau decently belonged to an ancient warrior princess yet she felt she was excessively weak to contend her ain bottles. She had married to L indoln for eight old ages but it felt like she had been populating with a alien. Lindoln was a good supplier. the gross revenues director of a pharmaceutical company that paid good. He gave her married woman a large house with a exuberant garden. a duteous amah and an first-class cook. There was nil more to inquire but she felt she truly had nil. She took her kids to the park. Later in the afternoon. they wandered through the resort area and exhausted clip forcing one another in a swing. Twin metal ironss fastened the swing to a horizontal steel saloon and one time once more the fell of the cold steel between her fingers made her think of her Tiya Anding’s chest armour. The rain was now falling harder and she was dripping moisture. Troting to the auto with the kids and they run to the parking batch. As expected. the kids came down with a cold and Lindoln kept her married woman up all dark with his how to be a good female parent talks. He barked so crawl into bed with his dorsum turned to her. She lay awake for what seemed like an hr before she heard a swoon snored. Then she went to the balcony for some air. She wanted to shout. She wanted to shout. She wanted to laugh if it would assist. She remembered her Tiya Anding. After tiffin. she helped the amah get the wash from the clothesline. After a few proceedingss under the hot noon Sun. she went back indoors to the kitchen for a cold glass of H2O. The feel of the cold hurler in her manus made her think of the cold metal she one time wore against her chest. The feel of the steel brassiere was as comforting and reassuring as the ice H2O running down to her pharynx. The phone was pealing and it was Lindoln. Her hubby told her that he’s friend Jimmy will be coming for dinner but the line was bad and she told her hubby to name her once more. But all of a sudden. when the phone rang once more and once more. she doesn’t put the phone up any longer. For her. the steel bandeau reminds her as her Tiya Anding’s words of soothing and reassuring. Review of Related Studies In this portion. the advocates include the critical analysis made on the five short narratives. This is to do the readers understand the narrative deeply. In add-on. the research workers aim to explicate to the audience how and in what manner the narratives are being presented by its several writers. This includes the surveies related to the characters and events in the narratives. Testimonies on The Virgin. In the book of The Virgin. Kerima Polotan-Tuvera showed her composing accomplishments to the readers about adult females personalities and state of affairs. The narrative was created passionately and beautiful for adult females who have battles about love. Based on the short narrative. the assorted personalities that the chief character named Miss Mijares showcased were her stiff and distant behaviour wherein her high quality to herself makes her unfriendly and detached to other people. Besides her attitude when it comes to covering with people wherein she frequently humiliates t hem by inquiring them inquiries with respects to their standing in the society. Furthermore. her life was effusively based on caring for her ailing female parent and seting to school her niece therefore. her realisation to herself when it comes to her ain personal life such as love and matrimony was eluded. Miss Mijares is a thirty-four-year-old adult female who works at a occupation arrangement bureau wherein her position in life has put her into a state of affairs of assisting first her household before herself. The major jobs that Miss Mijares encountered in the narrative was the decease of her female parent wherein she mourned on that really twenty-four hours necessitating her mother’s flesh and fighting to maintain herself strong which besides changed her ideals in life which made her high quality as a adult females more resilient. Another job that she encountered was facing her emotions particularly with her feelings to the new adult male at the woodworking store wherein during the interview and application for the occupation. Miss Mijares shows a b ossy or chesty sort of personality towards the cat. furthermore she was inadvertently drawn to the adult male particularly during the clip that both of them were stranded on an unknown street because of heavy rain and Miss Mijares driven by her feeling and emotions to the cat allowed herself to the invitation of the adult male. Testimonies on A House Full of Daughters. Another short narrative of Kerima Polotan-Tuvera that she created the narrative as inspiration for the adult females and particularly to those who work so hard to raise their kids. The narrative was originative and beautiful that Kerima was utilizing a female character or the storyteller of the narrative to demo how maternity is of import. Harmonizing to the narrative. â€Å"the fatal mistake of most adult females is to allow maternity surround them to be so sold on its high mission and incalculable intent. as to believe that there is nil more subsequently. Daughters outgrow their daughterhood and when that happens. what have you got but old dentition rings and some obscure memories? † Surely. the storyteller of the narrative showed her side to the readers that a maternity means new dimensions. a new degree of hurting. another deepness of grief. a truer tallness of joy. but justly or wrongly. she fight against holding her girls loom so big in her life that the other people drown her. She struggled for air and as a effect broke many of the regulations. We can state that the storyteller of the narrative is Kerima Tuvera. as she portrays the narrative. there might be connected to her or possibly she encountered other adult female like the storyteller or possibly she have experience with it. Kerima was utilizing her originative accomplishments that she compose this narrative to show her side to the readers that being wish her as a female parent has a large intent and of import. Aside in the narrative. the storyteller has a friend. a complete female parent. a beautiful maternity. which ran off with her adult male and leaves her good hubby and her beautiful babes. Kerima wants to cognize the readers that why this complete female parent runs off with her adult male? It’s because she’s afraid of her duties from her hubby and her kids? In short. this complete female parent wants to go forth her duties. The narrative was simple yet it has a moral lesson for those adult females who afraid of their duties and for those who leave their duties. â€Å"There is a universe beyond the one circumscribed by acrid covers and moist gum elastic sheets. and the immature female parent must mouse off to reassure herself of its herself of her being so that she might return. strong plenty for her other. more immediate existence. † Testimonies on Love in the Cornhusk. Aida Rivera-Ford has lived with her hubby in their big farm in Davao. In connexion to this. the short narrative of Love in the Cornhusks is someway related with her life like its barrio scene and the features of the Characters every bit good. Possibly. the chief character is a adult female based on the fact that the author of this short narrative is a adult female excessively. The narrative is really simple. easy to understand and yet realistic. It begins in a state of affairs where the chief character. Tinang. starts her twenty-f our hours as she visits her Senora with a good vibration that shifted to a different one recently. With a small similarity with the Telenovelas shown in telecasting. this narrative shows that a lowly 1. a nanny and a barrio miss. can be its chief character. whom is sing turns in her life. However. she did non see some sorts of maltreatments nor holding an enemy in her life because the narrative is emphasizing non on these affairs but on how determinations a individual does could impact his or her full life. The writer made the life of Tinang centered between two work forces. The Bagobo. her hubby and Amado do non talk in the narrative but they are characterized otherwise with each other. It appears that her hubby. the Bagobo. is a simple adult male. whom is satisfied of being a husbandman with the two hectares of land for his household. On one manus. Amado. the one she loved before her hubby. is portrayed as a tractor driver. whom wears formal apparels every Saturday and a yet adult male who gives importance to his hereafter as he wants to analyze mechanical technology someday. Marrying is non a gag and to get married the bagobo is non merely a happenstance in Tinan’s life but it is her determination when she did so. even if she did non cognize yet the ground why Amado had all of a sudden gone. The last portion of the narrative has some symbolic figures. Tinang still loves Amado even after she got married to her hubby. Reading the missive is a minute when Tinang’s feeling for Amado has reawakened. To call is the first thing she does. so. she tries to remember her first experiences with him. A serpent comes in the scene sneaking towards her babe. That serpent is the represent of such find and poses menace towards her relationship with her household. Why the serpent is traveling to her babe? It is because that serpent. if Tinang lets herself be taken by her emotion. can destruct her relationship with her Bagobo hubby. Indeed. the serpent is about to assail her boy for he is the symbol and the fruit of the love that she and her hubby shared together. In the terminal of the narrative. the author’s symbolisms are stating that Tinang chooses to accept the effects in the determination she made in her life. First. she stands up from her sitting place stating that life must travel on ; so she embraced the babe stating that she has to encompass her ain effects and state of affairss and particularly the people whom God has given to her ; following. she prayed and beg the Godhead non to penalize her after believing other things outside from her married life stating that she realizes that her ideas are incorrect ; afterwards. she checks the tegument of the babe seeking for some Markss demoing the possible cicatrixs in her married life after transmigrating the feelings she one time had with Amado ; and the last 1. the missive fell unnoticed among the cornhusk stating that she leaves that impulse without cognizing that her really strong feeling and yearning to Amado. if is non wholly gone yet. is at least alleviated and is left among the cornhusks. which is meant to be see as merely a portion of her life. Testimonies on The Chieftest Mourner. Testimonies on The Steel Brassiere.Theoretical Framework of the StudyThe Formalistic Approach stresses the close reading of the text and insists that all statements about the work be supported by mentions to the text. Formalistic Approach is used in this survey to delve deeper in the elements. In the Formalistic Approach the informations are presented. analyzed and interpreted. Formalism refers to critical attacks that analyze. interpret or measure built-in characteristics of a text. FORMALISTIC APPROACH PutingFictional charactersPoint of ViewPlot StructureExpositionComplicationConflictClimaxResolutionSubjectFigure 1CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK The Virgin and House Full of Daughtersby: Kerima Polotan-Tuvera Love in the Conhusks and The Chieftest Mournerby: Aida Rivera-Ford The Steel Brassiereby: Iris Sheila G. Crisostomo In this survey. wherein the advocates used formalized attack. all elements mentioned must be taken to wholly accomplish the ideal signifier of a work of art. Provided by the information given in this chapter. this survey produced an analysis utilizing an attack applied to the five short narratives and ignored the factors outside the text. This survey used the formalized attack that focused merely in the internal elements that the five short narratives contained. BiographiesKerimaPolotan-Tuvera ( December 16. 1925- August 19. 2011 ) was a Filipino writer. She was a celebrated and extremely well-thought-of fictionist. litterateur and journalists. with her plants holding received among the highest literary differentiations of the Philippines. Aida Rivera-Ford was born in Sulu. She crossed over to Negros Oriental in 1949 for an English grade at Siliman University. Records toast her as the first editor of Sands and Coral. the school’s literary pagination. In 1954. she flew to the University of Michigan on a Fulbright grant to procure her master’s grade in English. Her work â€Å"Love in the Cornhusks† is one of five well-crafted narratives for which Rivera-Ford won the Jules A ; Avery Hopwood Prize in Michigan. In 1955. the Sunday Chronicle’s This Week magazine featured the award winning narrative. with illustration by RodDayao. From N. V. M Gonzales to Epifanio San Juan. critics were one in acclaiming the narrative w ith uncommon congratulations. mentioning its consummate nuance but besides its earnest vision- a rare instance of art predominating upon all credos and manners of persuasion. Iris Sheila G. Crisostomo has a grade in communicating humanistic disciplines from University of the Philippines at Los Banos. She is acquiring her MFA at Dela Salle University while working at the National Commission for Culture and Humanistic disciplines. Chapter 3MethodThis chapter presents the method used in carry oning the narrative. Research Design The proponent’s uses descriptive method and they are now to show the information in a descriptive mode. It enabled the advocates to depict or show the image of events under the probe and analysis. The descriptive method of research was used for this survey. The research workers focused in showing the signifier used in the five short narratives. The primary end for formalized attack is to find how such elements work together with the text’s content to determine its effects upon readers. In this survey. its purpose is to analyze the elements such as puting. character. point of position. secret plan construction and subject. Research Instrument This portion shows how the research workers organize the information gathered. The elements of the five short narratives are placed in the tabular array. Puting. characters. point of position. secret plan construction such as expounding. complication. struggle. flood tide and resolution/denouement and subject. Short STORIESSettingFictional charactersPOIN OF VIEWPlot STRUCTURE( Exposition. Complication. Conflict. Climax and declaration or denouement SubjectThe Virgin A House Full of Daughters Love in the Cornhusk The Chieftest Mourner The Steel Brassiere RESEARCH LOCALEThis survey was conducted within the USEP Campus. specifically at the CAS Learning Center and Library. Other auxiliary information was gathered through the usage of cyberspace. RESEARCH PROCESS Initial background enquiry of the readying and needed stuffs were done such as reading the primary beginnings ( the short stories The Virgin and House Full of Daughters by K. P. Tuvera. Love in the Cornhusks and The Chieftest Mourner by A. R. Ford and The Steel Brassiere by I. S. Crisostomo ) . The beginnings that came from the books ( Handbook of Critical Approaches. etc. ) and through Internet research are used as secondary beginnings. RESEARCH PROCEDURE The advocates for this survey get down the research by choosing the five short narratives by different female writers that involvement them the most and are they had to be worthy of the probe. When the primary beginnings ( the short narratives ) are at manus. the advocates started to read. analyze and construe the plants to analyze what attack was suited to be applied. The advocates picked out an issue that needed geographic expeditions and farther survey from the short narratives and they were able to place the similarities and differences in the narratives through the elements of the secret plan. puting. characters. subject and point of position. To derive more thoughts and information that would back up the survey. the advocates will besides accessed the secondary beginnings from the cyberspace and they made usage of thesis as mentions found in the University Library and CAS Learning Research Center. When the information and information had been gathered. the advocates organized them in meaningful pieces of information. Here. the ability of the advocates in fiting the information was related to how the research was tested. After the paper was organized. the advocates ended by showing the decision with all the groundss and cogent evidence that would back up the research mentioned. Chapter 4PRESENTATION. ANALYSIS. AND INTERPRETATION OF DATAThis subdivision contains the collected information of the research workers in the topic of the survey. It besides includes the analysis and reading of informations. Form and Content of the Short Narratives Table 1. It is the content of the short stories The Virgin and House Full of Daughters by KerimaPolotan-Tuvera. Love in the Cornhusks and The Chieftest Mourner by Aida Rivera-Ford and The Steel Brassiere by Iris Sheila G. Crisostomo. The content includes the scene that determines the clip and topographic point of the short narratives. characters. secret plan with its parts: expounding. complication. struggle. flood tide. declaration and denouement. The other component is the point of position which identifies how the short narratives are told. Last. the subject. which is the cardinal thought of the narrative that will function as a message to the readers. The VirginThe narrative of The Virgin is set in the office of Miss Mijares. She is the chief character in the narrative. a individual. non look 34 and non precisely an ugly adult female. she was no beauty and she did believe of love. â€Å"She had gone through all these with remarkable forbearance. for it had so her that love stood behineemed vitamin D her. staying her clip. a quiet manus upon her shoulder†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The narrative was told in a 3rd individual limited where in the storyteller merely tells the narrative and focuses to the supporter. The expounding includes the background information about the chief character. about her life. the people outside her and their attitude toward her. The narrative starts in a supporter. Miss Mijares where she interviews her appliers in her office. She went to the cafeteria and went back to her office after. When she talked with the idle across her desk. inquiring them the cursing inquiries that completed their humiliation. watching pale linguas run over dry lips. soil crusted handkerchiefs waver in trembling custodies. she was filled with an restlessness she could non understand. â€Å"Sign here. she had said 1000s of times. forcing the familiar signifier across. her finger held to a line. experiencing the restlessness grow at sight of the adult male or adult female following a hesitating Ten or puting the impress of a thumb† The complication is when Miss Mijares interview the adult male. one of her appliers besides. When she returned to the black replacing office. the adult male stood by window. his dorsum to her. half-bending over something he held in his custodies. â€Å"In his custodies. he held her paperweight. an ol d gift from long ago. He had turned it and with the knife tightened the prison guards and dusted it. In this man’s hands. cupped like that. it look all of a sudden like a dove† Miss Mijares is denying herself about her feelings to the adult male and this adult male wills neer her love. But when the adult male was absent for a hebdomad. Miss Mijares waited on that Tuesday he foremost failed to describe for some word from him. in the absence of a definite notice. person else who needed a occupation severely was kept off from it. â€Å"I went to the state. ma’am. he said. on his return. You could hold sent person to state us. she said. It was an exigency. ma’am. my boy died. he said How so? She asked. A slow bitter choler began to from inside her. But you said you were non married! she said. No ma’am. he said gesturing. And she asked him aloud. are you married? And the adult male said. No ma’am. She asked once more. but you have†¦you have a boy! And the adult ma le replied. I am non married to his female parent. he said grinning doltishly. A flower had climbed to his face. perfusing it. and two big throbbing venas crawled along his temples. Miss Mijares looked off. vomit all at one time. â€Å"You should hold told us everything. she said and she put forth custodies to keep her choler but it slipped off she stood agitating despite herself. Your lives are our concern here. she shouted. † The narrative ends in that twenty-four hours. it rained that afternoon in one of the city’s fierce. unexpected boom storms. Without warning. it seemed to reflect outside Miss MIjares window a grey. unhappy expression. It was past six when Miss Mijares. ventured outside the office. Night had come fleetly and from the dark sky the midst. black. rainy drape continues to fall.

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Employee Relations System in Singapore and Eire - Essay Example In addition, it should also be flexible. (Schregle, 1981) There are certain theories that will act as a background and baseline for this comparative analysis. The first one was brought forward by a human resource management author called Douglas McGregor. This author strongly believed in the power that the human being has within an organisation. He claimed that management is dependent on its employees just as the latter need the former. McGregor believed that management have the ability to determine whether or not their organisation was a success depending on how they chose to carry forward their management practices. The author came up with a human relations theory called theory Y. In this theory, he asserted that all employees have the capacity to change. Consequently, management should endeavour to match employee goals and objectives to the organisation. Since these employees were able to grow in terms of their capacity to handle greater responsibility and to grow position wise, management should try its best to match their overall developmental activities within the organisation to individual ones. Indeed, theory Y forms one of the major guidelines for good employee-relations-systems in any country. We will therefore use this as a sort of barometer to check on the legitimacy and appropriateness of the employee relations between the two countries under study. Another theory that will also serve as a backbone in the essay is the theory of the three S's as postulated by Bartlett and Ghoshal; where the three S's are strategy, systems and structures. In this theory, the two authors believed that management had the distinct and fundamental responsibility to come up with organisational strategy. This would lay the foundation for organisational structures within any one organisation. In this management system, more emphasis is placed on the importance of aligning employees to organisational behaviour. Adherents to this theory assert that human beings can be replaced and must therefore not be the focus in human resource management. This is why most activities are seen as a form of control and enforcement of discipline by employers towards their employees. Organisations and countries adhering to this theory are quite hierarchal. Beside this, their structures precede their strategies. (Bartlett and Sumantra, 1994) The latter theory is slowly phasing out. This has come after the realisation that the most useful resource within any company is its human resource. Employees have the ability to be creative and to apply knowledge appropriately to suite any given organisation. Consequently, there is a need to adopt a totally different approach to management. Most developed countries realise that there are no returns when the organisation places too much emphasis on controlling its employees because this only serves as backbone for conflicts. The better approach is to try and create a rich corporate culture and clearly defined organisational objectives. Besides this, employee relation systems are moving way from the need to

Blue Ocean Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Blue Ocean Strategy - Essay Example Unlike red oceans, blue oceans create demand from the red oceans by breaking the boundaries of competition (Kim and Maubourgne, 2005). For instance, companies like music recording multinationals, management consulting and pharmaceuticals were hardly heard of in the last 100 years. In this case, companies will have the opportunity to re-create others in order to reflect the emerging realities in economic growth and blue oceans. The authors assert that technological advancements, increased deregulation of markets and improved industrial productivity will enhance creation of blue oceans. Saturation of the developed markets has resulted in to price wars and shrunk profit margins thus the need of a blue ocean strategy (Niciejewska and Dimitrov, 2009). Surprisingly, the authors point out that 86 percent of the surveyed companies seem to be comfortable in red oceans since they have only line extensions while only 14 percent are committed at creating new markets. It is interesting that the s urvey found out that 14 percent of the firms that invested in new market development delivered 38 percent of the revenues and impressive 61 percent of total profits. On the contrary, the 86 percent of firms concentrated on line extensions thus delivering 62 percent of the total revenues and only 39 percent of the total profits (Kim and Mauborgene 4). ... The authors provide an example of Japanese companies of 1980s due to decline of Western companies in droves. The authors agree that competition is important, but companies must attain competitive-advantage and develop markets with minimal or no competition (Warren, 2008). The authors go ahead to provide the logic behind the creation of blue oceans. The article outlines that new technology and innovation will create blue oceans. Some of the blue oceans that have been created by new technology include Ford Model IT and Apple Personal computers. Incumbents also create blue oceans within the existing business like AMC multiplex of 1995 and Palace theaters of 1914. The authors assert that strategic moves define blue oceans and no the size of the industry or companies. Accordingly, blue oceans build existing brands through creating brand equity just like Ford’s Model T that still benefits the company today (Kourdi, 2009). The article differentiates the red oceans from blue oceans si nce Red Ocean strategies compete in the current market space while blue oceans create new uncontested markets. Red oceans aim at beating competition while blue oceans desire to make completion irrelevant. In addition, blue oceans break the value to cost trade off unlike red oceans that make the value to cost trade-off (Koontz and Weihrich, 1990). The authors offer a deep explanation of blue ocean strategy by asserting that such companies reject the fundamental strategies of competition that aim at creating more value for customers or lowering operating costs. The authors offer an example of Cirque du Soleil since at the time of market entry Circuses were benchmarking without raising market revenues. Cirque did not follow the

Factors Influencing MNCs Investment Choice in India

Factors Influencing MNCs Investment Choice in India The Asian economies have been the main focus of global investors for last few years because of their growth nature and the way they facilitate the establishments of new businesses. Within these economies, India, China, Thailand, Malaysia, Japan and many other countries are included the essence of these countries is that they promote overall development in terms of more and more investments from domestic as well as foreign investors for the improvement in their gross domestic product and standard of living. All of these countries have their own core strengths to attract investors, for China it is their abundant cheap labour resource, for India it is the quality of available talent that has created a mark in the global space in the software, services industries. India possesses one of the greatest potential the Democratic government that formulates various policies to benefit the common people of the country. To improve the livelihood, provide better facilities for the citizens the GOI is always committed to invest more and more. Therefore all these factors have actually made India a place full of opportunities not only in the services sector but also in the manufacturing domain. As more private and government funded institutes are coming up with better facilities for learning and development in the both professional and personal fields, students are getting the feel of the corporate world and the criticalities involved therein. Indian economy has been the major centre of attraction for all of the developed nations. More and more MNCs are looking forward to build a long term comprehensive and sustainable relationship with Indian companies to enter the lucrative Indian market. FDI has been one of the major sources of investments in the sunrise industries as well as core industries that need a revamp in terms of innovative practices and management policies. The proportion of FDI and economic growth are positively correlated and combination of both is actually driving the overall GDP of the country. India is poised to be one of the biggest economies, thus it needs more and more collaboration with global organizations that would lead towards more employment that can actually move up the consumption pattern of the citizens to sustain growth trajectory even in time of economic recession. Whether India possesses any geographical locational advantages or not, or whether MNCs believe that owning the establishments in any foreign location would help them grab the market more quickly these are few issues which would be analyzed in detail. This thesis report outlines the factors pertaining to India, those attract foreign companies to invest in India through direct and indirect path and how it has been the core strength of the country to grow depending on the investments made by both domestic as well International business houses. Finding out those elements whose impact has been significant in the Indian growth story would be of utmost importance from the purview of this study. Concepts from various models have been undertaken to understand the underlying theory and analyze from the point of view of an investor as well as the foreign location of investment. B. BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY The coverage of the study includes finding out the opportunities and potential hindrances for investment in various sectors in India. Now a days India is being compared with China, Russia in terms of their economic growth and also market strength to sustain any kind of global economic disaster and also to keep moving the wheel of growth. We would analyze the critical scenarios of already present in the economy based on few models and understand the potential of future investments and try to match whether there are any opportunities for even smaller Indian players to become a part of the growth story. We would keep a track of the sectors which are very small now but showing a good promise for investors and how the GOI should take care of the rules and regulations so as to make the entry path very easy. Exports have been Indias major strength and its actually shortening the gap between import and export. That is a very good sign of improvement of overall market sentiments. OBJECTIVES/ PURPOSE OF THE STUDY- To find out the factors which drive various sectors of the Indian economy and analyze the outcomes of investments already made. The project would specifically concentrate on the potential of the country in attracting investors from different geographies. We would use the Dunnings OLI model, Uppsala model, Transaction cost theory etc and many more to find out what drives the foreign MNCs to look for Indian markets. Which are the major domestic player as well as International players those are operating in India presently and which are the pockets or zones that are giving them a major boost in their business growth? Also we would understand the market operating challenges faced by them and what are the measures that they implement to overcome those. D. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY- We would go through the movements of export goods and how the final products or services have changed its form considering the two different eras pre and post economic liberalization. We would design a questionnaire and administer it among a particular target group to find out their psychology or their opinion about the suitable direction for the investment portfolio of various organizations and according to them where the growth potential lies and where the country is lacking as compared to other economies. We would implement the concept from different models and find out what are the elements which are the main catalyst behind Indias growth saga. RESEARCH QUESTIONS AND HYPOTHESIS E1. RESEARCH QUESTIONS:- The research would incorporate these questions during the research and try to analyze from various point of views. Q1. What are the ownership advantages that a MNC can possess? Q2. Whether is it better to own or outsource the operations for a particular foreign location? Q3. What elements form the locational advantages for a foreign country for any investor? Q4. Does Internalization really give an edge over other methods of investments? Q5. Is Internalization a step by step process or it can be achieved directly? Q6. What is the implication of culture/geographical proximity for the case of foreign investments? So these are the broad areas which would be discussed in this thesis report to understand the driving factors for foreign investments. HYPOTHESIS:- The kind of growth potential the Indian market is promising is full of hopes even for the younger generation because it would provide job opportunities in a huge volume. There has been birth of a bread of young entrepreneurs who want to make their mark by doing something for their own as well as benefit the overall economy. So the transaction cost theory would be used to analyze the initial set up costs, various commission based charges that any business need to incur. The basic hypothesis would be build upon the fact to find out the several factors those influence foreign investors to choose India as one of their major investment destination. Transaction Cost Theory shows us that any MNC would like to optimize its transaction cost of initiating any business process in any new geography. Uppsala model shows the direction towards an efficient process followed by MNCs while making the investment decision in a foreign location. H1. Do OLI advantages make a country favourable for investments? H2. Step by step internalization process makes MNCs more efficient as compared to the direct internalization process H3. Transaction costs are basically sunk costs for a MNC H4. Gaining experience of domestic markets facilitates the decision making process for investment in foreign location H5.Geographical and Cultural factors significantly impact the investment decision LITERATURE REVIEW Indias major advantages are its availability of good quality talents hugely required for the software and services industry, cheap labour wages facilitating operational issues at a very lower cost as compared to other developing nations. Its strategic location and the kind of international border it shares with its neighbouring nations give it an edge over other Asian economies in terms of accessibility of raw materials and markets to export produced goods. The GOI has taken several measures to make investments in India simpler by means of promoting SEZs, STPs with lower tax regime. The kind of growth potential it promises is immense in terms of volume of business as well as value. Being the largest democracy in the world, the laws would actually become more and more citizen friendly and thus leading towards sustainable business environment. Transaction cost theory states that when the internal transaction costs are higher than external costs then the company would outsource some of its jobs to other agencies and downsize. And when the reverse is true the organization would grow. Both the situations are understandable from the figure given below. (SOURCE: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transaction_costs) The literature review would focus on the following points OLI ADVANTAGES The ownership, locational and Internationalization are the major factors that drive the investment decision for any MNC. India in a way possesses one of the most important resources the pool of available talent. Geographically also India has an advantage over Russia and many other countries the climatic conditions are also is suitable for any kind of businesses. Many foreign MNCs are entering the Indian market by means of joint venture and many are initiating in the SEZs to get tax benefits. TRANSACTION COSTS: HOW TO GET THE MAXIMUM OUT OF IT Transaction costs are generally the cost of participating in a market; this may vary from market to market as well as category to category of products or services. The bargaining cost is the most important one because it decides the capabilities of the investors, like how well can they manage their channel partners? UPPSALA MODEL This model determines the step by step procedures those are followed by MNCs in order to get the feel of the market. Any organization would not mind to have few orders from foreign clients to find out their own prospect in that market and if they feel that they have the required potential, it may lead to full fledged investments in terms of machinery, labors etc. DATA COLLECTION METHOD H1. PRIMARY The primary data would be collected by means of administering the research questionnaire among a specific target group. The target group may be People from various background working in several industries with market knowledge for more than 3 years H2. SECONDARY The sources of secondary information would mainly be journals, magazines. PROPOSED ANALYSIS OF DATA The data output from the questionnaire would be analyzed using statistical tools and applying the present market conditions. We would find out the factors those drive the export growth and what the GI needs to perform to attract more investment both from domestic as well as International players. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY- The upshot of the study would provide us with an understanding about the factors those drive the investment decision for any MNC considering the Indian market. Various models would help us to analyze the pros and cons of the market conditions and find out the flexibility, accessibility of the market. More and more foreign MNCs are trying to grab the growing Indian market, because within the next 15-20 years India is poised to become one of the global super powers. And that means it would need overall support from various spheres of the geography manufacturing, agriculture, services etc. So it is better for the MNCs to start finding out their core competencies specifically for India and look for suitable options for investments. So from investment choice point of view this report would give us insights that might help any MNC planning to enter the Indian market LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY- This report would entail few models that can define the potential of the market; it would clearly distinguish between various factors which influence the investment decision. So it would not be possible to consider the strength and weaknesses of every company to find out their core competencies before investing; it would not encompass the criticalities involved for all the industries in India. But overall it would generate sufficient idea that would guide any investor while choosing the lucrative Indian market.